( 15 minutes)
Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations,______ (31) to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect edu-cational achievement.
The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests ______(32) pen-holding techniques have detedorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far ______( 33 ) atten-tion to correct pen grip and handwriting style.
Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher______ (34) findings have been published, was inspired to in-vestigate this area ______(35) he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling______ (36) had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link______ (37) pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he______ (38) find huge differences in technique be-tween the young children and the mature adults, and a def'mite ______(39) between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing.
People who______ (40) their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics______ (41) inhibit learning, ______(42) as poor posture, leaning too ______(43) to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen ______(44) than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure ______(45) is being written).
Mr. Thomas believes that the ______(46) between elder and younger writers is ______( 47 ) too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow ______(48) . He attrib-utes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between ______(49) groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips,______ (50)the over 40s group all had a uniform ' tripod' grip. "
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
( 50 minutes)
Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance(NAAFA)argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever.
This is the fadash movement that causes America' s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies(Ballantine, 1996), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Mi-chael Fnmento, author of The Fat of the Land (Viking, 1997), an anti-fatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser's logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and.., the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket.
Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pres-sure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30% - 50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim.
The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people burn off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calori-es-or a spoonful of mayonnaise--a day.
An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush' s Eat More, Weight Less ( Harper Collies, 1993 ) and Date Atrens' s Don' t Diet ( William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much. They note that as Americans' weight has ballooned over the last few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains people' s own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much they eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exercising reduce weight.
Certainly, the body' s metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dangerous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up.To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.
51. The two Brooklynites in the first paragraph were __
[A] members of the NAAFA
[B] typical victims of overweight
[ C] members of the "fatlash" movement
[ D] proof that the fatlash movement is gaining strength
52. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance holds that __
[A ] fat people should try to lose weight
[ B ] eating less is harmful to people' s health
[C ] fat people were horn that way
[ D ] obesity is good for people
53. What can be concluded according to the author's view of the "obesity genes"?
[A] People with a genetic inclination to gain weight Can slim.
[ B ] People who are horn fat will remain that way all life.
[ C ] All efforts to lose weight will prove fruitless.
[ D ] Fat people can live a very happy life, too.
54. The word "fib" in the fourth sentence of Paragraph 5, probably means __
[ A] to tell the truth
[ B ] to reduce
[ C] to increase
[ D ] to tell a small lie
55. Which of the following statements is true?
[ A ] Americans' caloric intake has dropped over the last few decades.
[ B ] Many people who try to lose weight give up half way.
[ C ] Americans are always aware of how much they eat.
[ D ] Obesity does no harm to people' s health.
Text 2
The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. ll terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant.
In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investi-gators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups ex-pressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been de-tained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism.
In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits",the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward en-suring online privacy, including the Children' s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Intemet does not know geographic boundaries,and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules.
An analysis earlier this year of 751 U. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what fights consumers have over their own information.
At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, in-form consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection,and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Intemet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the ter-rorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circum-stances change the nature of the online privacy debate is stiff to be seen.
56. Concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication, the author seems to insist on
[ A ] the priority of the former action
[ B ] the execution of the latter at the expense of the former
[C] tightening both policies at the same time
[ D ] a balance between the two actions
57. The author implies in the second paragraph that __
[ A] the proposal of the Department of Justice is unjustified
[ B ] surveillance of any suspect communication is necessary
[ C ] civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concern
[ D ] exceptions should be made in intercepting communications
58. In the eyes of the author, the Financial Service Modernization Act __
[ A ] serves no more than as a new patch on an old robe
[ B ] indicates the Congress' s admirable move to protect privacy
[ C ] invades online consumer privacy rather than protect it
[ D] is deficient in that it leaves many sectors unshielded
59. Privacy standards made by individual states are ineffective because __
[ A ] the standards of different states contradict each other
[ B ] online communication is not restricted to any state
[ C ] these standards ignore the federai law on the matter
[ D ] these standards are only applicable to regional Web sites
60. The expression "opt out of such data collection" ( in the last paragraph) probably means __
[ A ] pick out from such data the information one needs
[ B ] shift through such data to collect one' s own information
[ C ] evaluate the purpose for such data collection
[ D ] choose not to be involved in such data collectio
Text 3
The man behind this notion, Jack Maple, is a dandy who affects dark glasses, homburgs(翘边帽)and two-toe shoes;yet he has become something of a legend in America's police departments. For some years, starting in New York and moving on to high-crime spots such as New Orleans and Philadelphia, he and his business partner, John Linder have marketed a two-tier system for cutting crime.
First, police departments have to sort themselves out: root out corruption, streamline their bureaucracy, and make more contact with the public. Second, they have to adopt a computer system called Comstat which helps them to analyze statistics of all major crimes. These are constantly keyed into the computer, which then displays where and when they have occurred on a color-coded map, enabling the police to monitor crime trends as they happen and to spot high-crime areas. In New York, Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city's police chief and precinct captains.
Messrs Maple and Linder ( "specialists in crime-reduction services" ) have no doubt that their system is a main contributor to the drop in crime. When they introduced it in New Orleans in January 1997, violent crime dropped by22% in a year;when they merely started working informally with the police department in Newark, New Jersey, vi-olent crime fell by 13%. Police departments are now lining up to pay as much as $50, 000 a month for these two men to put them straight.
Probably all these new policies and bits of technical wizardry, added together, have made a big difference to crime. But there remain anomalies that cannot be explained, such as the fact that crime in Washington D. C. , has fallen as fast as anywhere, although the police department has been corrupt and hopeless and, in large stretches of the city, neither police nor residents seem disposed to fight the criminals in their midst.
The more important reason for the fall in crime rates, many say, is a much less sophisticated one. It is a fact that crime rates have dropped as the imprisonment rate soared. In 1997 the national incarceration rate, at 645 per 100,000 people was more than double the rate in 1985, and the number of inmates in city and county jails rose by 9.4%, almost double its annual average increase since 1990. Surely some criminologist argue, one set of figures is the cause of the other. It is precise because more people are being sent to prison, they claim that crime rates are falling.A 1993 study by the National Academy of Sciences actualiy concluded that the tripling of the prison population be-tween 1975 and 1989 had lowered violent crime by 10-15%.
Yet cause and effect may not be so obviously linked. To begin with, the sale and possession of drugs are not counted by the FBI in its crime index, which is limited to violent crimes and crimes against property. Yet drug of-fences account for more than a third of the recent increase in the number of those jailed; since 1980, the incarceration rate for drug arrests has increased by 1,000%. And although about three-quarters of those going to prison for drugoffences have committed other crimes as well, there is not yet a crystal-clear connection between filling the jails withdrug-pushers and a decline in the rate of violent crime. Again, though national figures are suggestive, local ones di-verge: the placer where crime has dropped most sharply( such as New York City)are not always the places where in-carceration has risen fastest.
61. Jack Maple started his career in __
[ A] Philadelphia
[ B ] Oregon
[ C ] New Orleans
[ D ] New York
62. According to,Jack Maple, to cut crime __
[ A ] the,heads of police department should make more contact with the criminals
[ B ] the government should educate the residents more
[ C]a computer system called Comstat should be adopted by the police
[D] tbe criminals should be severely punished
63. ln New Yerk_______.
[ A] violent crime dropped by 23% in one year
[ B ] police departments pay as much as $ 50, 000 for Jack Maple
[ C ] the crime rate is high
[ D ] Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed every week
64. The meaning of the word "anomalies" in the second line of 4th paragraph is ___________
[ A ] something strange
[ B ] enjoyable things
[ C ] anormally
[ D ] comparison
65. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________
[ A ] the drop of crime rote is caused by Jack Maples's two-tier system
[ B ] the drop of crime rate is caused by the increased imprisonment
[ C ] it is difficult to identify the exact cause for the fall of crime rate
[ D ] the increased imprisonment is not the reason for the fall of crime rate
Text 3
The man behind this notion, Jack Maple, is a dandy who affects dark glasses, homburgs(翘边帽)and two-toe shoes;yet he has become something of a legend in America's police departments. For some years, starting in New York and moving on to high-crime spots such as New Orleans and Philadelphia, he and his business partner, John Linder have marketed a two-tier system for cutting crime.
First, police departments have to sort themselves out: root out corruption, streamline their bureaucracy, and make more contact with the public. Second, they have to adopt a computer system called Comstat which helps them to analyze statistics of all major crimes. These are constantly keyed into the computer, which then displays where and when they have occurred on a color-coded map, enabling the police to monitor crime trends as they happen and to spot high-crime areas. In New York, Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city's police chief and precinct captains.
Messrs Maple and Linder ( "specialists in crime-reduction services" ) have no doubt that their system is a main contributor to the drop in crime. When they introduced it in New Orleans in January 1997, violent crime dropped by22% in a year;when they merely started working informally with the police department in Newark, New Jersey, vi-olent crime fell by 13%. Police departments are now lining up to pay as much as $50, 000 a month for these two men to put them straight.
Probably all these new policies and bits of technical wizardry, added together, have made a big difference to crime. But there remain anomalies that cannot be explained, such as the fact that crime in Washington D. C. , has fallen as fast as anywhere, although the police department has been corrupt and hopeless and, in large stretches of the city, neither police nor residents seem disposed to fight the criminals in their midst.
The more important reason for the fall in crime rates, many say, is a much less sophisticated one. It is a fact that crime rates have dropped as the imprisonment rate soared. In 1997 the national incarceration rate, at 645 per 100,000 people was more than double the rate in 1985, and the number of inmates in city and county jails rose by 9.4%, almost double its annual average increase since 1990. Surely some criminologist argue, one set of figures is the cause of the other. It is precise because more people are being sent to prison, they claim that crime rates are falling.A 1993 study by the National Academy of Sciences actualiy concluded that the tripling of the prison population be-tween 1975 and 1989 had lowered violent crime by 10-15%.
Yet cause and effect may not be so obviously linked. To begin with, the sale and possession of drugs are not counted by the FBI in its crime index, which is limited to violent crimes and crimes against property. Yet drug of-fences account for more than a third of the recent increase in the number of those jailed; since 1980, the incarceration rate for drug arrests has increased by 1,000%. And although about three-quarters of those going to prison for drugoffences have committed other crimes as well, there is not yet a crystal-clear connection between filling the jails withdrug-pushers and a decline in the rate of violent crime. Again, though national figures are suggestive, local ones di-verge: the placer where crime has dropped most sharply( such as New York City)are not always the places where in-carceration has risen fastest.
61. Jack Maple started his career in __
[ A] Philadelphia
[ B ] Oregon
[ C ] New Orleans
[ D ] New York
62. According to,Jack Maple, to cut crime __
[ A ] the,heads of police department should make more contact with the criminals
[ B ] the government should educate the residents more
[ C]a computer system called Comstat should be adopted by the police
[D] tbe criminals should be severely punished
63. ln New Yerk_______.
[ A] violent crime dropped by 23% in one year
[ B ] police departments pay as much as $ 50, 000 for Jack Maple
[ C ] the crime rate is high
[ D ] Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed every week
64. The meaning of the word "anomalies" in the second line of 4th paragraph is ___________
[ A ] something strange
[ B ] enjoyable things
[ C ] anormally
[ D ] comparison
65. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________
[ A ] the drop of crime rote is caused by Jack Maples's two-tier system
[ B ] the drop of crime rate is caused by the increased imprisonment
[ C ] it is difficult to identify the exact cause for the fall of crime rate
[ D ] the increased imprisonment is not the reason for the fall of crime rate
Part C：Answer questions 71 ~ 80 by referring to the following books.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.
A = BOOK 1 B = BOOK 2 C = BOOK 3 D = BOOK 4
Which book(s) say(s) that...
•the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71.___________
•environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. _____
•the environmental problems ale not caused overnight? 73.___________
•a variety of species are on the decrease? 74.___________
•agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75.___________
•pollution call be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76.___________
•pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77.___________
•provides lessons for agriculture，trade，land USe and tax policy from an economic perspective?78.___________
•the degradation of environment cauSes the change of climate? 79.___________
•the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation?80.___________
BOOK 1
The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for cli-matic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development.
The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental con-straints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural re-search systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability.
The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part ex-amine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy.
BOOK 2
The ozone layer is threatened by chemical cmissious; the climate is endangered from fossil and defor-estation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environ-mental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic develop-ment. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development proces-ses together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world' s countries cooper-ate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems?
This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evo-lution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets.
The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institu-tion building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy rnakers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law.
BOOK 3
Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation.
While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, muchless is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmen-tal consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and envi-ronmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world.
The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by de-stroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount impor-tance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the a-doption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies.
The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. Theyconclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, spe-cially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and in-dustrial production.
BOOK 4
This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollu-tive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a sig-nificant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution.
The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the pro-duction process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discus-sion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pol-lution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additionaltechnology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoid-ance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.
Section IV Writing
(40 minutes )
You will read a question .which says, "Which is a better source of news--newspaper or TV?"
Write an article for the newspaper to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your
own ideas,Knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument, including an example.
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.
THE END OF THE TEST
Section II Use of English(每小题1分，共计20分，权重10%)
参考译文
根据一项对于握笔姿势大幅影响考试成绩的调查，那些握笔十分靠近笔尖的学生很可能在考试中处于劣势。
本次调查涉及643人，从学龄前儿童到40多岁的成年人，调查表明握笔技术在一代人的时间里大幅退步，现在的老师已经不像以前那样重视纠正学生的握笔姿势和书写方式了。
斯蒂芬尼•托马斯是一名助教，已经发表了他的发现，在他注意到那些拼写有困难的学生握笔习惯也不好的时候，受到启发开始调查这一领域。虽然托马斯先生不能在握笔方式和拼写正确性之间建立明确的统计学关联，但是他却发现小孩子和成人之间的握笔技术有很大的差别，而握笔靠近笔尖与缓慢而难以辨认的书写之间存在明确关联。
握笔靠近笔尖的人也显示出了其他的一些妨碍学习的特点，如坐姿很差、太靠近桌子、用4个手指而不是3个手指握笔和大拇指位置放得不对(这会使写的字迹模糊)。
托马斯先生认为，对比老年人和年轻人的书写太过明显不能简单得出人年龄越大字写得越好的说法。他认为这是因为没有教授有效的方法.并指出不同年龄段的人之间写字的不同恰巧出现在60年代课堂里放弃对写字的指导之后。“30岁的人表现出非常不同的握笔方式，而超过40岁的人统一都用3个手指握笔”。
答案及解析
31.according 【解析】according to意为“根据”，为固定短语，本句句意为“根据对…的严格调查，…。”
32.that 【解析】此空之后的内容为suggests的内容，即此处应填mat，引导宾语从句。
33.less 【解析】由此空前面的“deteriorated sharply”可知此空应填“更少的”，而不是“更多的”。
34.whose 【解析】此句意为“Stephanie Thomas，一位学习辅导老师，…发现已经发表了…。”由此可知，空处所填单词必为whose，引导定语从句，修饰teacher。
35.after 【解析】此句意为“…他注意到了那些拼写有问题的学生也有一个坏的握笔习惯，他受到鼓舞调查这个领域。”
36.also 【解析】由35题解析，拼写有问题的学生必定握笔习惯不好。
37.between 【解析】此句意为“Thomas先生尽管不能在握笔方式和拼写准确性之间建立重要的统计学联系，…”所以答案为介词between。
38.did 【解析】据38题解析，由于while意为“尽管”，才有后面起强调作用的did，意为“确实”，有转折之意。
39.link 【解析】与37题对应，此处应填link，表明在“near—point gripping”和“slow，illegible writing”之间存在联系。
40.grip 【解析】显然，此空应填一个动词“握，拿”，英语中握笔用动词grip。
41.which 【解析】由此句句子成分分析，此空以后的应为定语从句，修饰characteristics。所以此空应填which，引导定语从句。
42.such 【解析】“poor posture，leaning too…to the desk，using…”均是对characteristics的举例说明。而举例用英语说应为“such as”o
43.close 【解析】显然，不好的习惯是“太靠近桌子”，故应填“近”。
44.rather 【解析】此空所在句意为“用四个手指握笔而不是三个。”rather than表示“而不是”。
45.what 【解析】显然，此空后的句子应为“obscure”的宾语从句，而“is being written”中缺主语，可做主句的宾语、从句的主语的只有what。
46.difference 【解析】显然，这句话是在对老年人和年轻人写字之间进行比较，而且由后半句中的“get better at…”可知，此空必为“不同的”。
47.far 【解析】能修饰too的副词只有far或much。
48.older 【解析】grow只能是年龄越来越大。
49.age 【解析】此段话均是在比较不同年龄段的人之间写字的不同，故此空应填“年龄”。
50.but 【解析】此句意为“30岁的人表现出非常不同的握笔方式，…超过40岁的人都统一用三个手指握笔。”显然，此空处表转折。
Section m Reading Comprehension(共计35分。权重35%)
Part A(每小题1分，共计l5分)
Text 1
短文赏析
本文驳斥了关于肥胖无害的说法。一个叫NAAFA的组织声称肥胖对人体无害，即使有害，也没有办法，因为基因决定一切。对此，作者提出了自己的看法，他认为，实验证明肥胖的人要比正常人更加容易患上主要疾病，健康更容易受到损伤。而基因并不会对减肥造成多大的干扰。同时.他还抨击了关于食品摄入量不会影响体重的说法。后，作者提出了减肥的可行性和fatlash运动的危害。
答案及解析
51.B【解析】由第一段可知，两人是因为肥胖而被送进医院的，故B项正确。A、C项文章中未提到。两个病人不能证明fatlash运动高涨，故D项是错误的。
52.C【解析】由第一段可知NAAFA认为肥胖无害，故A项是错误的。B项文章中未提到。第一段倒数第二句话说到基因决定人的胖瘦，故C项是正确的。NAAFA只是认肥胖对人体无害，并没有说有好处，故D项是错误的。
53.A【解析】由第四段后两句话可知，基因并不能决定一切，因此减肥不会因为肥胖基因的干扰而没有任何作用，故A项正确。B项和作者的观点是相反的。D项文中未提到。
54.D【解析】fib意为“撒小谎”。
55.B【解析】由第五段可知虽然美国人声称自己摄入的卡路里量下降，但这并不是真的，故A项是错误的。美国人总是在食物摄入量上撒谎，所以并不能推出他们知道自己吃了多少，故C项不正确。根据后一段后一句话可以知道D项不正确。
Text 2
短文赏析
9.11事件后，网络隐私问题成为了一个急需解决的问题。人们为找到保护公民自由和防止类似的恐怖事件之间的平衡而争论不休。为了应对恐怖袭击，国会通过一系列的法律对各种形式的交流进行监控，但这引来了公民隐私权的侵犯问题。在不断的反对声中，尽管各州政府设立法律保护公民的网络隐私，但是联邦却没有出台明确的法律，所以并不能对无界限的网络隐私起到实质性的保护作用。作者认为政府也应该采取法律措施对网站采集顾客个人信息的做法进行一定的管理。
答案及解析
56.D 【解析】文章开始就指出“…sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to pre-vent another tragic terrorist act.”这说明作者认为一方面要防止类似的恐怖袭击活动，但另一方面也要注意保护公民的隐私权利，而且这双方面应该取得平衡。故应选D。
57.A【解析】文中提到“…urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U.S.citizens.”其意思是“保护国家的利益也不应该伤害美国居民的个人隐私权利”，可知作者认为这项提议是不公正的。故应选A。
58.B 【解析】文章的第三段指出“…provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act.”意思就是“像Financial Services Modernization Act这样的法案就是国会为了保护别人隐私而设定的。”故应选B。
59.B【解析】文章第三段后两句话“Moreover，it becomes unworkable...the Internet does not know geographic boundaries，and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing.And at times conflicting，privacy rules.”这说明各州制定的法律是不好实施的，因为网络是不具有地域限制的。这种法律不能仅仅限制在某个州的范围之内。故应选B。
60.D 【解析】文章后一段指出，“Congress should pass legislation…，allow customers to opt out of such data collection，and….”，意思就是说国会应该要求网站公示收集用户隐私信息的政策，通过何种方式收集的，告诉用户怎么才能避开这些信息收集以及怎么查阅所收集的信息等内容。opt out的意思是“避开、避免”。故应选D。
Text 3
短文赏析
本文探讨了犯罪率下降的原因所在。杰克•梅普尔和林德曾经引领警署改革，清理****，引进电脑等新科技，帮助警察监控、分析犯罪。他们认为自己的工作导致了犯罪率的下降。但是，虽然新技术确实有助于减少犯罪，其他地点的情况却表明，犯罪率下降另有原因。一些人认为原因是犯人数量增加了，但是却不能确定这是一种直接原因。另外，某些地区的情况也表明犯罪率下降与犯人数量的增加没有关联。
答案及解析
61.D 【解析】由第一段中的“For some years，starting in New York…”可知。
62.C【解析】由第二段中的“Second，they have to adopt a computer system called…”可知。
63.D【解析】由第二段后—句“In New York，Comstat’s statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city’s police chief and precinct captains.”可知。
64.A【解析】anomaly意为“反常、奇怪的事”。
65.C【解析】由全文可以推断，要指出犯罪率下降的确切原因是很困难的。
Part B(每小题2分，共计10分)
短文赏析
这是一篇书评。这本名为《血液——医学和商业的伟大历史》的书虽然有一个吓人的标题，但是实际上只是介绍了公共健康的一些知识而已。在书中，作者记述了血液的发展历史和从血液中受益而发展起来的行业，结尾处则分析了血液被艾滋病感染的可怕情况。本书不但记录了几个世纪以来关于血液的故事，还介绍了二战期间输血技术的发展。战争期间血液的使用推动了现代血液库的发展，但是也造成了一个巨大的悲剧.就是艾滋痛的传播。在80年代前期，有大量的人因为输血而感染了艾滋病。现在，虽然技术已经有了进步，还是不能完全避免艾滋病感染的危险。本书中的重要一课就是必须保证人类健康不会成为商业竞争压力和人类失误的牺牲品。
答案及解析
66.c【解析】由下一段第一句“The book begins with…”可知，只有c放于此空处才可以与下文衔接，意思连贯。
67.D【解析】由上下两段综合分析，只有D放在此处符合逻辑。
68.A【解析】上一段后一句“…such as draining blood…”与A中的“The massive wartime blood drives…”对应。
69.F【解析】由此空上下文可以看出，选项中只有F放在此处符合逻辑，上下文才能连贯。
70.B【解析】由上一段段意可知，B放在后一处合适。
Part C(每小题1分。共计10分)
短文解析
A
这本书介绍了进入21世纪后，气候变化会带来的各种后果和应对措施。重点是说明全球气温变化给农业发展带来的后果以及终对经济发展的影响。作者首先评价了国际研究院在克服环境对农业及经济持续发展的局限性上的作用，接着讲述了农业应该如何重组来适应环境的变换以及物种的减少，第三部分主要讲述了气候变化所带来的影响和各种应对措施。作者还从经济的角度出发，对农业的发展，贸易的深入，土地的使用。以及税收政策的制定提出建议。
B
这本书指出臭氧层空洞、气候的变换、物种的灭绝等全球问题都是由于多年来各个国家经济发展造成的。要想解决这些环境问题，国际社会必须加强合作。同时，这本书审查了国际环境法在制定过程中存在的问题以及程序。这本入门读物主要是为研究全球环境政策的制定以及环保机构建立的人员编写的。
C
这本书指出工业化促进了经济的发展，却导致了环境的恶化。工业活动所带来的问题在一些发展中国家依然没有引起重视。通过对工业发展给环境带来的后果的界定，这本书提出了一些建议，特别对那些发展中国家。这些问题很大程度上是由于不合理的经济发展道路造成的。作者指出工业发展的政策是至关重要的，但要科学管理自然资源，采取净化环境的低耗能的科学技术才是解决问题的道路。
D
这本书提出了一种非污染商品取代污染商品的边际成本的新概念，这种设想填补了其他文献在此领域的空白，有助于更好的理解污染控制的微观经济问题。本书主要说明了三个问题：替代消费问题、消减排放问题以及回避宣传问题。
答案及解析
71.A【解析】由A中的第一段后一句话“It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth…”可知。
72.A【解析】由A中的第二段“...to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income，social welfare and sustainability.”可知。
73.B 【解析】由B中的第一段“Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years’ and many countries’ economic development.”可知。
74.B【解析】由B中的第一段“...and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions.”可知。
75.C【解析】由c中的第二段“…a substantial agriculture sector，which contributes to deforestation，the erosion of the top soil and desertification.has led to extreme pressures on the environment and….”可知。
76.D【解析】由D中的第二段“The author argues that pollution is con-trolled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process”可知。
77.C【解析】由C中的第一段后一句话“This source book…and provides policy advice，including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques，….”可知。
78.A 【解析】由A中的后一句话“…take on an economy—wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture，trade，land use and tax policy.”可知。
79.B 【解析】由B中的第一段“The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions;the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation….”可知。
80.D【解析】由D中的第二段“In the second part，the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models:...”可知。
Section IV Writing(计25分。权重25%)
One possible version:
For most of us today, television is our main source of news. According to a questionnaire on the way of getting news, nearly 72 percent of the people watch TV ,and only 12 percent read newspapers for daily news. Although television news excels in bringing into our living room dramatic events of singular importance, space craft launchings, natural disasters, record-breaking sports events, presidential inaugurations, wars, murders and so on, it cannot cover important stories in the depth they may deserve because of its time limitations. Regardless of the complexity or significance of an event, it somehow must be fitted into a prescribed number of minutes. On the other hand, while the newspaper cannot compete with television visually, for example, a war is often best communicated by pictures, not words, it may beat its rival with amore in-depth version of the event. Free of time restrictions imposed on television news, a newspaper can devote as much space to a story as it sees fit, and flesh it out with more vivid details.
Furthermore, television by nature is a passive medium, for it deprives viewers of the freedom of selection. Whether you like or dislike a particular piece of news, all you have to do is sit in front of the tube and let it happen
and follow its space passively. But by reading newspapers, you can select the most interesting news, and skip what you think is irrelevant and dull; you can read in detail or briefly. Besides, watching television involves little mental activity. A constant diet of television journalism contributes to the rise in new illiteracy ,and the decline in general intellectual skills such as reading and writing. In contrast to television news, the print media encourage active involvement in what's being reported. The readers have to make greater efforts than TV viewers to follow and absorb the stories. But they acquire more in-formation and news. Reading requires high level of mental involvement, which, in turn, improves our intellectual competence. When we consider television versus print journalism on the basis of format, coverage and nature, is there any question as to which is the better source of news?
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